Bài Tập Trắc Nghiệm Chuyên Đề: Chi tiết được diễn đạt lại (Tiếng Anh Lớp 10, 11, 12)

In China, palaces, temples and houses were built around a series of courtyards, which might include trees and plants often in pots that could be changed with the seasons and pools. The Imperial City in Beijing contained elaborate pleasure gardens with tree artificial lakes and small hills, bridges and spectator areas.

Japan has a long tradition of gardens inspired by Chinese and Korean models. In former times, palaces, temples, teahouses and private houses all had garden settings that were closely integrated with the buildings. Kyoto was especially famous for its gardens. The gardens included pools and waterfalls; rocks, stone and sand; and evergreens. They might also contain stone lanterns and sculptures and wooden bridges, gates and pavilions. Every element of a garden was carefully planned, sometimes by Zen monks and painters, to create an effect of restraint, harmony and peace, which is exemplified by the existing Katsura Detached Palace gardens in Kyoto. Such traditions continue to some extent in modern Japan and have influenced Western landscape architects.

Mass media is communication-whether written, broadcast, or spoken-that reaches a large audience. This includes television, radio, advertising, movies, the Internet newspapers, magazines, and so forth.

Mass media is a significant force in modern culture, particularly in America. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture. Communities and individuals are bombarded constantly with messages from a multitude of sources including TV, billboards, and magazines, to name a few. These messages promote not only products, but moods, attitudes, and a sense of what is and is not important. Mass media makes possible the concept of celebrity: without the ability movies, magazines, and news media to reach across thousands of miles people could not become famous. In fact, only political and business leaders, as well as the few notorious outlaws, were famous in the past. Only in recent times have actors, singers, and other social elites become celebrities or stars.

The current level of media saturation has not always existed. As recently as the 1960s and 1970s and 1970s, television, for example, consisted of primarily three networks, public broadcasting, and a few local independent stations. These channels aimed their programming primarily at two-parent, middle-class families. Even so, some middle-class households did not even own a television. Today, one can find a television in the poorest of homes, and multiple TVs in most middle-class homes. Not only has availability increased, but programming is increasingly diverse with shows aimed to please all ages. incomes, backgrounds, and attitudes. This widespread availability and exposure makes television the primary focus of most mass-media discussions More recently, the Internet has increased its role exponentially as more businesses and households sign on Although TV and the Internet have dominated the mass media, movies and magazines-particularly those lining the aisles at grocery checkout stands-also play a powerful role in culture, as do other forms of media

What role does mass media play? Legislatures, media executives, local school officials. and sociologists have all debated this controversial question. While opinions vary as to the extent and type of influence the mass media wields, all sides agree that mass media is a permanent part of modern culture. Three main sociological perspectives on the role of media exist: the limited-effects theory, the class-dominant theory, and the culturalist theory.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 12 to 19.
How Modern Parenting Created a Generation of Picky Eaters
In 1915, when a Maine mother asked the U.S. Children's Bureau why her son rejected certain foods, officials dismissed the idea of "preference", suggesting a medical cause instead. At the time, voluntary food rejection was virtually unheard of; children were expected to eat whatever was served with enthusiasm. Picky eating, as a recognized behavioral trait, simply did not exist in the American cultural landscape.
Today, however, American children are often labeled the "pickiest in history". In her recent research, historian Helen Zoe Veit argues that a century of shifting adult attitudes has fundamentally reshaped childhood. She contends that modern parenting has inadvertently normalized selective eating. Before the 20th century, there was no "children's food"; youngsters shared adult meals and developed robust appetites, partly because snacking was nonexistent.
The mid-20th century brought pivotal changes in child psychology and autonomy. Influential parenting guides, such as those by Dr. Benjamin Spock, began encouraging parents to grant children more control over their diets. This was bolstered by studies suggesting that, left to their own devices, children could naturally regulate their nutritional needs. Meanwhile, the rise of Freudian theory warned that pressuring children to eat could cause lasting psychological trauma, further softening parental authority at the dinner table.
Simultaneously, the explosion of processed foods and aggressive marketing transformed family dynamics. By the 1960s, supermarkets offered unprecedented variety, and advertisers began targeting impressionable children directly, granting them immense influence over household purchases. Veit criticizes this modern exceptionalism, noting that while parents enforce hygiene and safety, they often treat nutrition as negotiable. She advocates for consistent family meals and repeated exposure to new foods, viewing picky eating as a misguided outcome of otherwise good intentions.
(Adapted from https://www.economist.com/culture)

Culture is the lens with which we evaluate everything around us; we evaluate what is proper or improper, normal or abnormal, through our culture. If we are immersed in a culture that is unlike our own, we may experience culture shock and become disoriented when we come into contact with a fundamentally different culture. People naturally use their own culture as the standard to judge other cultures; however, having our own judgment could lead us to discriminate other cultural values which are different from our own because we do not understand them.
Cultural diversity is important because our country, workplaces, and school increasingly consist of various cultural, racial, and ethnic groups. We can learn from one another, but first we must have a level of understanding about each other in order to facilitate collaboration and cooperation. Learning about other cultures helps us understand different perspectives within the world in which we live and helps dispel negative stereotypes and personal biases about different groups.
In addition, cultural diversity helps us recognize and respect "ways of being" that are not necessarily our own, so that we interact with others, we can build bridges to trust, respect, and understanding across cultures. Furthermore, this diversity makes our country a more interesting place to live, as people from diverse cultures contribute language skills, new ways of thinking, new knowledge, and different experiences.
(Adapted from https://www.purdueglobal.edu/)

Environmental services, even when they arise without any human labour, are by no means cost-free. Every cost should be understood in terms of opportunity cost. For environmental services, the opportunity cost amounts to the net gain relinquished because the resources are no longer available for their second-best application. Whenever a resource has alternative uses, it cannot legitimately be deemed free.
For instance, a section of river might serve as a site used for either white-water canoeing or hydroelectric generation. Constructing a dam to produce electricity would flood the rapids, so this makes white-water canoeing here out of the question. The opportunity cost of preserving the river for canoeing equals the net benefit of the electricity that would otherwise have been produced, once the expenses of generation and distribution have been subtracted. By the same token, the opportunity cost of erecting the dam involves everything the river in its natural state would have provided – leisure activities, wildlife, scenic beauty, and whatever worth future generations might attach to experiencing the rapids.
This understanding carries considerable weight for planning development. [I] Numerous decisions initially appearing to be cost-free moves in favour of growth prove, when examined carefully, to be against something else. [II] Clearing a forest to make way for crops is hardly without cost; it is paid for through losses in carbon storage, biological diversity, and all the functions the forest once performed unnoticed. [III] Channelling a river for irrigation has its price – namely, whatever the river was doing before its course was altered. [IV] Even leaving a swathe of land alone exacts a cost, since the earnings that intensive exploitation might have produced are equally sacrificed.
From this perspective, economic development can never be reduced to whether a project delivers a positive return. Rather, what must be asked is whether that return outweighs the value of sacrifices. Policies considering this – by pricing scarce environmental services, or obliging those in charge to consider both sides – are not against development. What they demand is that development should be worth its true cost. The danger lies not in counting too much, but in counting too little.
(Adapted from Environmental Economics and Policy)

Amidst a global fossil fuel crisis, Australia faces a significant inflection point regarding its energy future. For years, the fossil fuel sector has employed deceptive tactics, such as "astroturfing" and false advertising, to manipulate public opinion and create division. These distortions have often hidden the country's unique opportunity to control its abundant sun and wind resources. However, recent international supply shocks have clearly illustrated the economic vulnerability and fragility caused by a reliance on traditional energy sources.
The transition to clean energy is increasingly viewed not just as a moral concern, but as an essential security policy. Unlike fossil fuels, renewable energy sources cannot be blockaded or weaponised by foreign powers; as noted by the UN, they are not subject to price spikes for sunlight or embargos on the wind. In countries like Germany, this desire for economic stability and independence is driving a massive boost in onshore wind projects. Similarly, the UK is implementing policies to require rooftop solar and heat pumps for all new homes by 2028.
In Australia, the potential for a systematic shift is immense, especially since cities like Brisbane receive more than double the sunlight of London. Strategic investments in renewables are expected to inject $68 billion into the economy over the next five years. Every home battery and electric vehicle installed contributes to a more resilient electricity grid and reduces financial exposure to volatile global markets.
To secure this future, advocates must speak collectively and urgently to reclaim the narrative. By framing the clean energy transition in terms of financial benefits and economic stability, rather than just environmental concern, it becomes much more appealing to the general public. Ultimately, accelerating the shift to renewables is the only way to ensure a sustainable and secure economy that remains protected from future global volatility.
(Adapted from https://www.theguardian.com)

Attracting users to social networking sites and cloud computing sites is all about building trust. However, if recent news is anything to go by, consumers would be right to consider that the trust they have put into the Internet companies that run these services has been betrayed.
Between 2006 and the beginning of 2010, search engine giant Google started a project to map and digitally photograph every road in every major city in more than 30 countries for its product Google Streetview. But images, it appears, is not all that the Streetview cars collected. It now turns out that Google collected over 600 Gigabytes of data from users of public and unprotected Wi-Fi access routers - which included Web pages visited and emails. All this was collected without the prior knowledge or permission of the router owners.
But most criticism surrounding data privacy is currently reserved for Facebook, which has faced an extreme anger from consumers when millions of users suddenly found their private details exposed and searchable on Google, Bing and Yahoo. Facebook, whose privacy policies have come under attack both at home and abroad, now faces a stiff fine for storing non-users’ personal data without their permission. Founder Mark Zuckerberg appears to be relenting and is now beefing up security.
The issue came to the fore in recent months among concern that Facebook’s confusing privacy settings were making it possible for Internet stalkers, cyber criminals and even nosy neighbours to gain a wealth of information about its users without their knowledge or permission.
What all these companies deal in is trust. Without trust, we would not allow them access to our private information. Therefore, it’s important that they maintain our trust. If social networking becomes increasingly important to companies such as Google, Apple and Microsoft, they will have to be careful not to violate their users’ trust in the future.
(Adapted from https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2010/07/who-owns-your-personal-data/ )

For Sean O'Brien, it was just an ordinary night out with friends. He knew that people sometimes mocked him for being overweight, and he was usually able to shrug it off. But this time, as well as laughing at him in person, someone decided to publicly fat-shame him by posting a video of him dancing online, with a hurtful comment. Sean was completely unaware of it, but the post about him was shared widely, and it prompted a wave of abuse from immature Internet trolls.
However, as well as the cyberbullies, other people were watching. A group of women in California, who were campaigning to encourage people to have a positive body image whatever their size, decided to take action. They put out a message on Twitter, inviting Sean on an all-expenses- paid trip from London to Los Angeles, to meet and dance with them. When Sean's friends first told him about the search for dancing man, he figured it was a bit of nonsense which would soon blow over, and decided not to bother doing anything about it.
But the movement got bigger and bigger. Sean rethought his decision, made contact, and the women - all 1,700 of them - started raising money to throw him an extra-special party in LA. He went to the party in California. Sean had assumed that just a few people would turn up, but he realised his mistake as soon as he saw over 1,000 people queuing to get into the nightclub! Sean danced all night and the story of how he and the women's group in California took a stance against cyberbullying was reported aroun the world. As a result of the event, some of the women set up Dance Free Movement, an online forum where anyone who felt they had been bullied or victimized could receive support. The 'dancing man' himself has become a fundraiser for several anti-bullying charities.
Sean commented in an interview at the time that he was amazed that something which started out so badly, had become such a positive movement. He said that he had actually never really thought about the people who posted the original images, concluding that they must have their own insecurities, to put the spotlight on someone else so maliciously. Sean certainly had the last laugh. We are often told that the best idea is not to give bullies any attention, but it may be that the best way to deal with cyberbullying is to act as these women did and be brave enough to make it clear that we are uncomfortable with this kind of behaviour, that we disagree with what is being said and that bullying is completely unacceptable.
(Adapted from High Note by Rachael Roberts and Caroline Krantz)

In the past, technology and progress was very slow. People "invented" farming 12,000 years ago but it took 8,000 years for the idea to go around the world. Then, about 3,500 years ago, people called "potters" used round wheels to turn and make plates. But it took hundreds of years before some clever person thought, if we join two wheels together and make them bigger, we can use them to move things.
In the last few centuries, things have begun to move faster. Take a 20th-century invention like the aeroplane, for example. The first aeroplane flight on 17 December 1903 only lasted 12 seconds, and the plane only went 37 metres. It can't have been very exciting to watch, but that flight changed the world. Sixteen years later, the first plane flew across the Atlantic, and only fifty years after that, men walked on the moon. Technology is now changing our world faster and faster. So what will the future bring? One of the first changes will be the matter we use. Scientists have just invented an amazing new material called graphene, and soon we will use it to do lots of things. With graphene batteries in your mobile, it will take a few seconds to charge your phone or download a thousand gigabytes of information! Today, we make most products in factories, but in the future, scientists will invent living materials. Then we won't make things like cars and furniture in factories - we will grow them! Thirty years ago, people couldn't have imagined social media like Twitter and Facebook. Now we can't live without them.
But this is only the start. Right now, scientists are putting microchips in some disabled people's brains, to help them see, hear and communicate better. In the future, we may all use these technologies. We won't need smartphones to use social media or search the internet because the internet will be in our heads! More people will go into space in the future, too. Space tourism has already begun, and a hundred years from now, there may be many hotels in space. One day, we may get most of our energy from space too. In 1941, the writer Isaac Asimov wrote about a solar power station in space. People laughed at his idea then, but we should have listened to him. Today, many people are trying to develop a space solar power station. After all, the sun always shines above the clouds!

The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. People of different cultures are more prone to contract certain illnesses because of the characteristic foods they consume.
That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites (commonly used to preserve color in meat) as well as other food additives caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which ingredients on the packaging label of processed food are helpful or harmful.
The additives that we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to cattle and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows.
Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.
A healthy diet is directly related to good health. Often we are unaware of detrimental substances we ingest. Sometimes well-meaning farmers or others who do not realize the consequences add these substances to food without our knowledge.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
TikTok is a popular app, released in 2016 and finding increased popularity over the past few years. Initially, the app typically attracted the Gen Z audience, most commonly used by those between 18 and 24. However, nowadays, most people using the Internet have had some interaction with TikTok.
Importantly, TikTok is more than just a platform for entertaining dance routines and lip-syncing videos. It has become a dynamic space where young people can not only express their creativity but also access and share valuable information. In fact, TikTok has become a news outlet and a source of information, marking a significant shift in how young people engage with content and use social media platforms. As a result, the importance of TikTok as a tool for spreading knowledge and raising awareness continues to grow, influencing global conversations on various topics.
There are many reasons why people are turning to TikTok as a source of news and information. For example, with a growing focus on health and wellness, TikTok has become a hub for fitness routines, mental health tips, and nutritional advice. Professionals in these fields utilise the platform to reach a broader audience, offering quick exercises, mindfulness techniques, and dietary insights. Moreover, TikTok's algorithm helps users discover content tailored to their interests, promoting a healthier lifestyle in a personalized and accessible way.
In addition, TikTok has proven to be a powerful tool for raising awareness about social and cultural issues. Hashtag challenges and trends are often used to spread messages related to activism, sustainability, and inclusivity. Furthermore, the platform's global reach allows users to gain insights into diverse perspectives, fostering a sense of empathy and understanding among the younger generation.
(Adapted from https://www.berlinsbi.com/)

Read the following passage and blacken the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to the following questions.

Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck covered with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decoration is no accident. The proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.

The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vinq-quatre violons du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.

In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that the strings were think and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 44 to 50.
We are a planet of seven billion people, and this number is growing by about 370,000 people every day. This is putting a huge strain on the planet's natural resources. For many governments and environmental organizations, the race is on to drastically reduce our consumption of resources before they run out.
Water is one of our most precious resources. Our quality of life, as well as life itself, depends on the availability of clean, fresh water. It is the most widely used resource in industry, and plays a major role in energy production. Although 70 percent of the world is covered in water, only 2.5 percent of that is fresh water, and less than one percent of that freshwater is readily available to us. Yet we often overestimate how much water we have, and reduce it further through pollution or inefficient use. Some 92 percent of all fresh water used annually is dedicated to growing plants and raising animals for food. This means that if water runs out, our food supply might follow. In India, it is estimated that future water shortages could reduce grain harvests by 25%. In a country where the population exceeds 1.2 billion people and is growing rapidly every year, this is a huge concern. India, like many developing countries, is already struggling to provide for its population. While most people in developed countries can get water at the turn of a tap, nearly four billion people elsewhere lack access to safe water, according to United Nations Development Report.
Rain forests are another endangered-resource. While rain forests are critically important to humanity, they are rapidly being destroyed by human activities. The biggest cause of deforestation is conversion of forest land for agriculture. Often called the "Lungs of the Planet”, rain forests once covered 14 percent of the Earth's land surface, but this has shrunk to only six percent. Every second, an area of rainforest, the size of a football field, is destroyed at this rate. Rain forests will possibly disappear completely in less than 40 years.
(Adapted from: Active Reading)

In the 1960s, the first human explorations of space began. Today scientists often debate the future of manned space flight. Should we aim for the moon again, or for Mars? It always comes down to concerns about the length and expense of such journeys. Mars is a much more difficult challenge than the moon.
Mars is so far away that is world take about two years for a human crew to complete the round trip, including time spent to the planet's surface. On the other hand, we know the moon can be visited in a fraction of that time, as was proven by the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Distance poses other dilemmas. A popular movie, Apollo 13, tells the exciting story of how NASA managed to rescue the astronauts of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission to the moon. With the tremendous distance between Earth and Mars, emergency retrievals like this would be impossible. The moon seems more feasible from this point of view.
As with most projects, the crux of the matter is economics. In fact, NASA has estimated that a manned flight to Mars would cost five hundred billion dollars! Critics argue that Mars is too far and the moon is too useless to us to justify any manned space flights at all. Nevertheless, should we choose to go ahead with space travel, it seems that returning to the moon is a much more likely proposition than Mars.

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insight into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in time of stress, 44 percent said they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of taste, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.

Exercise has been recommended as an important part of weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered new ways of learning. All around the world, educational institutions are looking toward online learning platforms to continue with the process of educating students.
Online learning offers teachers an efficient way to deliver lessons to students. Online learning has a number of tools such as videos, PDFs, podcasts, and teachers can use all these tools as part of their lesson plans. By extending the lesson plan beyond traditional textbooks to include online resources, teachers are able to become more efficient educators.
Online education allows students to attend classes from any location of their choice. It also allows schools to reach out to a more extensive network of students, instead of being restricted by geographical boundaries. Additionally, online lectures can be recorded, archived, and shared for future reference. This allows students to access the learning material at a time of their comfort.
Another advantage of online learning is reduced financial costs. Online education is far more affordable as compared to physical learning. This is because online learning eliminates the cost points of student transportation, student meals, and most importantly, real estate. Additionally, all the course or study materials are available online, thus creating a paperless learning environment which is more affordable, while also being beneficial to the environment.
Every student has a different learning journey and a different learning style. Some students are visual learners, while some students prefer to learn through audio. Similarly, some students thrive in the classroom, and others are solo learners who get distracted by large groups. The online learning system, with its range of options and resources, can be personalized in many ways. It is the best way to create a perfect learning environment suited to the needs of each student.
(https://fedena.com/blog/2020/10/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-online-learning.html)

As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning to night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential fora healthy mind and body.
Stress is a natural part of every life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight", and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are not likely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (and it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.

As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. Once you are in the habit of rushing through life, being on the go from morning to night, it is hard to slow down. But relaxation is essential fora healthy mind and body.
Stress is a natural part of every life and there is no way to avoid it. In fact, it is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.
The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such characters are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first signs of unusual difficulties. When exposed to stress in whatever form, we react both chemically and physically. In fact we make choice between "fight" or "flight", and in more primitive days the choice made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are not likely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same response. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued exposure to stress that health becomes endangered. Such serious conditions as high blood pressure and heart disease have established links with stress. Since we cannot remove stress from our lives (and it would be unwise to do so even if we could), we need to find ways to deal with it.