Scientists know that there were wolves on Earth about one million years ago. Dogs, on the other hand, have not been on Earth nearly as long. The oldest dog remains, found in Germany, are about 14,000 years old. Scientists have proven that dogs are descended from wolves. Though wolves and dogs share some of the same genes, they are not exactly alike. In fact, there are as many differences as there are similarities between the two.

First, there are physical differences between the two. Wolves have longer legs, larger feet, and a broader skull than dogs. They also walk differently from dogs. A wolf runs on its toes with its heels raised up from the ground. This is more similar to a cat's walk than a dogs.

Second, there are mental differences between the two. Dogs have been domesticated. This means that dogs have been brought under the control of humans in order to provide companionship. Wolves have not been domesticated. They are wild animals. Having a dog as a pet is like having a juvenile wolf. A young wolf will turn into a mature adult, while a young dog does not mature. A dog might seem smart by performing tricks for people. Wolves need to be smart to survive in the wild. While it may not be impossible to have a wolf as a pet, scientists are of the opinion that a wolf could never be domesticated in the same way as a dog.

It's important to keep in mind that the differences between the two are great, and each should be appreciated in its own habitat or home.

(Source: Paul Edmunds, Nancie McKinnon, Developing skills for TOEFL IBT)

Scientists know that there were wolves on Earth about one million years ago. Dogs, on the other hand, have not been on Earth nearly as long. The oldest dog remains, found in Germany, are about 14,000 years old. Scientists have proven that dogs are descended from wolves. Though wolves and dogs share some of the same genes, they are not exactly alike. In fact, there are as many differences as there are similarities between the two.

First, there are physical differences between the two. Wolves have longer legs, larger feet, and a broader skull than dogs. They also walk differently from dogs. A wolf runs on its toes with its heels raised up from the ground. This is more similar to a cat's walk than a dogs.

Second, there are mental differences between the two. Dogs have been domesticated. This means that dogs have been brought under the control of humans in order to provide companionship. Wolves have not been domesticated. They are wild animals. Having a dog as a pet is like having a juvenile wolf. A young wolf will turn into a mature adult, while a young dog does not mature. A dog might seem smart by performing tricks for people. Wolves need to be smart to survive in the wild. While it may not be impossible to have a wolf as a pet, scientists are of the opinion that a wolf could never be domesticated in the same way as a dog.

It's important to keep in mind that the differences between the two are great, and each should be appreciated in its own habitat or home.

(Source: Paul Edmunds, Nancie McKinnon, Developing skills for TOEFL IBT)

Scientists know that there were wolves on Earth about one million years ago. Dogs, on the other hand, have not been on Earth nearly as long. The oldest dog remains, found in Germany, are about 14,000 years old. Scientists have proven that dogs are descended from wolves. Though wolves and dogs share some of the same genes, they are not exactly alike. In fact, there are as many differences as there are similarities between the two.

First, there are physical differences between the two. Wolves have longer legs, larger feet, and a broader skull than dogs. They also walk differently from dogs. A wolf runs on its toes with its heels raised up from the ground. This is more similar to a cat's walk than a dogs.

Second, there are mental differences between the two. Dogs have been domesticated. This means that dogs have been brought under the control of humans in order to provide companionship. Wolves have not been domesticated. They are wild animals. Having a dog as a pet is like having a juvenile wolf. A young wolf will turn into a mature adult, while a young dog does not mature. A dog might seem smart by performing tricks for people. Wolves need to be smart to survive in the wild. While it may not be impossible to have a wolf as a pet, scientists are of the opinion that a wolf could never be domesticated in the same way as a dog.

It's important to keep in mind that the differences between the two are great, and each should be appreciated in its own habitat or home.

(Source: Paul Edmunds, Nancie McKinnon, Developing skills for TOEFL IBT)

Scientists know that there were wolves on Earth about one million years ago. Dogs, on the other hand, have not been on Earth nearly as long. The oldest dog remains, found in Germany, are about 14,000 years old. Scientists have proven that dogs are descended from wolves. Though wolves and dogs share some of the same genes, they are not exactly alike. In fact, there are as many differences as there are similarities between the two.

First, there are physical differences between the two. Wolves have longer legs, larger feet, and a broader skull than dogs. They also walk differently from dogs. A wolf runs on its toes with its heels raised up from the ground. This is more similar to a cat's walk than a dogs.

Second, there are mental differences between the two. Dogs have been domesticated. This means that dogs have been brought under the control of humans in order to provide companionship. Wolves have not been domesticated. They are wild animals. Having a dog as a pet is like having a juvenile wolf. A young wolf will turn into a mature adult, while a young dog does not mature. A dog might seem smart by performing tricks for people. Wolves need to be smart to survive in the wild. While it may not be impossible to have a wolf as a pet, scientists are of the opinion that a wolf could never be domesticated in the same way as a dog.

It's important to keep in mind that the differences between the two are great, and each should be appreciated in its own habitat or home.

(Source: Paul Edmunds, Nancie McKinnon, Developing skills for TOEFL IBT)

Scientists know that there were wolves on Earth about one million years ago. Dogs, on the other hand, have not been on Earth nearly as long. The oldest dog remains, found in Germany, are about 14,000 years old. Scientists have proven that dogs are descended from wolves. Though wolves and dogs share some of the same genes, they are not exactly alike. In fact, there are as many differences as there are similarities between the two.

First, there are physical differences between the two. Wolves have longer legs, larger feet, and a broader skull than dogs. They also walk differently from dogs. A wolf runs on its toes with its heels raised up from the ground. This is more similar to a cat's walk than a dogs.

Second, there are mental differences between the two. Dogs have been domesticated. This means that dogs have been brought under the control of humans in order to provide companionship. Wolves have not been domesticated. They are wild animals. Having a dog as a pet is like having a juvenile wolf. A young wolf will turn into a mature adult, while a young dog does not mature. A dog might seem smart by performing tricks for people. Wolves need to be smart to survive in the wild. While it may not be impossible to have a wolf as a pet, scientists are of the opinion that a wolf could never be domesticated in the same way as a dog.

It's important to keep in mind that the differences between the two are great, and each should be appreciated in its own habitat or home.

(Source: Paul Edmunds, Nancie McKinnon, Developing skills for TOEFL IBT)

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insight into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in time of stress, 44 percent said they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of taste, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.

Exercise has been recommended as an important part of weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insight into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in time of stress, 44 percent said they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of taste, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.

Exercise has been recommended as an important part of weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insight into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in time of stress, 44 percent said they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of taste, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.

Exercise has been recommended as an important part of weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insight into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in time of stress, 44 percent said they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of taste, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.

Exercise has been recommended as an important part of weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insight into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in time of stress, 44 percent said they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of taste, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.

Exercise has been recommended as an important part of weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insight into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in time of stress, 44 percent said they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of taste, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.

Exercise has been recommended as an important part of weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

It was once believed that being overweight was healthy, but nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insight into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in time of stress, 44 percent said they reacted to stressful situations by eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than non-obese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of taste, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood samples taken from people after they were shown a picture of food revealed that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

In another experiment, results showed that certain people have a specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain. Enough serotonin produces a sense of satiation, and hunger for carbohydrates subsides.

Exercise has been recommended as an important part of weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

The decision as to which university to apply to is often taken on the basis of a university's position on the world rankings table. Yet, (44) _______ considerations, such as whether the course is theoretical or offers hands-on experience and the amount of time that students will need to work independently should be taken into (45) _______. The fact is that some undergraduates (46) _______ express their dissatisfaction with their university experience base their complaints on poor organisation, the lack of support received and on having fewer contact hours than expected.

As higher education providers come under increasing pressure to meet (47) _______ targets and to maintain or improve their status, course guidelines should clarify what participants can expect from the course and what the course expects from them. This should ensure a reduction in student drop-out rates.

Inevitably, (48) ________ much the content and structure is spelt out, some students will turn up with unreal expectations that can never be met.

The decision as to which university to apply to is often taken on the basis of a university's position on the world rankings table. Yet, (44) _______ considerations, such as whether the course is theoretical or offers hands-on experience and the amount of time that students will need to work independently should be taken into (45) _______. The fact is that some undergraduates (46) _______ express their dissatisfaction with their university experience base their complaints on poor organisation, the lack of support received and on having fewer contact hours than expected.

As higher education providers come under increasing pressure to meet (47) _______ targets and to maintain or improve their status, course guidelines should clarify what participants can expect from the course and what the course expects from them. This should ensure a reduction in student drop-out rates.

Inevitably, (48) ________ much the content and structure is spelt out, some students will turn up with unreal expectations that can never be met.

The decision as to which university to apply to is often taken on the basis of a university's position on the world rankings table. Yet, (44) _______ considerations, such as whether the course is theoretical or offers hands-on experience and the amount of time that students will need to work independently should be taken into (45) _______. The fact is that some undergraduates (46) _______ express their dissatisfaction with their university experience base their complaints on poor organisation, the lack of support received and on having fewer contact hours than expected.

As higher education providers come under increasing pressure to meet (47) _______ targets and to maintain or improve their status, course guidelines should clarify what participants can expect from the course and what the course expects from them. This should ensure a reduction in student drop-out rates.

Inevitably, (48) ________ much the content and structure is spelt out, some students will turn up with unreal expectations that can never be met.

The decision as to which university to apply to is often taken on the basis of a university's position on the world rankings table. Yet, (44) _______ considerations, such as whether the course is theoretical or offers hands-on experience and the amount of time that students will need to work independently should be taken into (45) _______. The fact is that some undergraduates (46) _______ express their dissatisfaction with their university experience base their complaints on poor organisation, the lack of support received and on having fewer contact hours than expected.

As higher education providers come under increasing pressure to meet (47) _______ targets and to maintain or improve their status, course guidelines should clarify what participants can expect from the course and what the course expects from them. This should ensure a reduction in student drop-out rates.

Inevitably, (48) ________ much the content and structure is spelt out, some students will turn up with unreal expectations that can never be met.

The decision as to which university to apply to is often taken on the basis of a university's position on the world rankings table. Yet, (44) _______ considerations, such as whether the course is theoretical or offers hands-on experience and the amount of time that students will need to work independently should be taken into (45) _______. The fact is that some undergraduates (46) _______ express their dissatisfaction with their university experience base their complaints on poor organisation, the lack of support received and on having fewer contact hours than expected.

As higher education providers come under increasing pressure to meet (47) _______ targets and to maintain or improve their status, course guidelines should clarify what participants can expect from the course and what the course expects from them. This should ensure a reduction in student drop-out rates.

Inevitably, (48) ________ much the content and structure is spelt out, some students will turn up with unreal expectations that can never be met.