Kỳ Thi Tốt Nghiệp THPT Quốc Gia 2022 Tiếng Anh THPT Trường Trần Quốc Tuấn (Mã Đề 001)

Mass media is communication-whether written, broadcast, or spoken-that reaches a large audience. This includes television, radio, advertising, movies, the Internet newspapers, magazines, and so forth.

Mass media is a significant force in modern culture, particularly in America. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture. Communities and individuals are bombarded constantly with messages from a multitude of sources including TV, billboards, and magazines, to name a few. These messages promote not only products, but moods, attitudes, and a sense of what is and is not important. Mass media makes possible the concept of celebrity: without the ability movies, magazines, and news media to reach across thousands of miles people could not become famous. In fact, only political and business leaders, as well as the few notorious outlaws, were famous in the past. Only in recent times have actors, singers, and other social elites become celebrities or stars.

The current level of media saturation has not always existed. As recently as the 1960s and 1970s and 1970s, television, for example, consisted of primarily three networks, public broadcasting, and a few local independent stations. These channels aimed their programming primarily at two-parent, middle-class families. Even so, some middle-class households did not even own a television. Today, one can find a television in the poorest of homes, and multiple TVs in most middle-class homes. Not only has availability increased, but programming is increasingly diverse with shows aimed to please all ages. incomes, backgrounds, and attitudes. This widespread availability and exposure makes television the primary focus of most mass-media discussions More recently, the Internet has increased its role exponentially as more businesses and households sign on Although TV and the Internet have dominated the mass media, movies and magazines-particularly those lining the aisles at grocery checkout stands-also play a powerful role in culture, as do other forms of media

What role does mass media play? Legislatures, media executives, local school officials. and sociologists have all debated this controversial question. While opinions vary as to the extent and type of influence the mass media wields, all sides agree that mass media is a permanent part of modern culture. Three main sociological perspectives on the role of media exist: the limited-effects theory, the class-dominant theory, and the culturalist theory.

In China, palaces, temples and houses were built around a series of courtyards, which might include trees and plants often in pots that could be changed with the seasons and pools. The Imperial City in Beijing contained elaborate pleasure gardens with tree artificial lakes and small hills, bridges and spectator areas.

Japan has a long tradition of gardens inspired by Chinese and Korean models. In former times, palaces, temples, teahouses and private houses all had garden settings that were closely integrated with the buildings. Kyoto was especially famous for its gardens. The gardens included pools and waterfalls; rocks, stone and sand; and evergreens. They might also contain stone lanterns and sculptures and wooden bridges, gates and pavilions. Every element of a garden was carefully planned, sometimes by Zen monks and painters, to create an effect of restraint, harmony and peace, which is exemplified by the existing Katsura Detached Palace gardens in Kyoto. Such traditions continue to some extent in modern Japan and have influenced Western landscape architects.

George Simmel, one of pioneers in German sociology, __( 46 )__ a pioneer in urban sociology, suggesting that the increased concentration and diversity of people and ongoing activities in city puts urbanites under stress (a cognitive overload). This is considered the major __( 47 )__ of urban mentality-detachment from others, self-centeredness, and rational calculating mind. This understanding of urban life and urbanites are closely related to the understanding of modern society by Ferdinand Tonnies and Max Weber, two of Simmel's close contemporaries. Louis Wirth, a member of Chicago school, followed Simmel and wrote __( 48 )__ the most frequently-cited paper on urbanism "Urbanism as a way of life," in 1938. His writing on the urbanism on mentality and life style __( 49 )__ illustrative, compared to the definition of urbanism but among the suggested are relaxed moral restrains, increased participation in formal organization pursuing limited goals (as opposed to belonging to a community), increased role of mediated communication. Both are more or less in line of social atomism, the view that modern society disintegrates communities __( 50 )__ a group of individuals.