Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effect of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the life cycles of _______ plants and animals, such as flowers _______ earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting _______ they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.

With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountain sides toward higher elevations. Plants will also attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in polar and mountaintop regions, are especially at risk _______ migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by _______ sea ice but have nowhere farther to go.

(From “ global warming “ by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H. Schneider)

Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effect of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the life cycles of _______ plants and animals, such as flowers _______ earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting _______ they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.

With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountain sides toward higher elevations. Plants will also attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in polar and mountaintop regions, are especially at risk _______ migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by _______ sea ice but have nowhere farther to go.

(From “ global warming “ by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H. Schneider)

Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effect of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the life cycles of _______ plants and animals, such as flowers _______ earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting _______ they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.

With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountain sides toward higher elevations. Plants will also attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in polar and mountaintop regions, are especially at risk _______ migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by _______ sea ice but have nowhere farther to go.

(From “ global warming “ by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H. Schneider)

Plants and animals will find it difficult to escape from or adjust to the effect of global warming. Scientists have already observed shifts in the life cycles of _______ plants and animals, such as flowers _______ earlier and birds hatching earlier in the spring. Many species have begun shifting _______ they live or their annual migration patterns due to warmer temperatures.

With further warming, animals will tend to migrate toward the poles and up mountain sides toward higher elevations. Plants will also attempt to shift their ranges, seeking new areas as old habitats grow too warm. In many places, however, human development will prevent these shifts. Species that find cities or farmland blocking their way north or south may become extinct. Species living in unique ecosystems, such as those found in polar and mountaintop regions, are especially at risk _______ migration to new habitats is not possible. For example, polar bears and marine mammals in the Arctic are already threatened by _______ sea ice but have nowhere farther to go.

(From “ global warming “ by Michael Mastrandrea and Stephen H. Schneider)

The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood, when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if you've just eaten and what sort of drinks you've had. Some people might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.

In fact, your driving ability can be affected by just one or two drinks. Even if you're below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.

It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking session in the evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that you're still over the legal limit. In addition, if you've had a few drinks at lunchtime, another one or two drinks in the early evening may well put you over the legal limit.

In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of moveable posts ... and the less able they were to do it! So the only way to be sure you're safe is not to drink at all.

Alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. More half of the people stopped by the police to take a breathalyzer test have a blood alcohol concentrate of more than twice the legal limit.

It is important to remember that driving after you've been drinking doesn't just affect you. If you're involved in an accident it affects a lot of other people as well, not least the person you might kill or injure.

The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood, when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if you've just eaten and what sort of drinks you've had. Some people might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.

In fact, your driving ability can be affected by just one or two drinks. Even if you're below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.

It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking session in the evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that you're still over the legal limit. In addition, if you've had a few drinks at lunchtime, another one or two drinks in the early evening may well put you over the legal limit.

In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of moveable posts ... and the less able they were to do it! So the only way to be sure you're safe is not to drink at all.

Alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. More half of the people stopped by the police to take a breathalyzer test have a blood alcohol concentrate of more than twice the legal limit.

It is important to remember that driving after you've been drinking doesn't just affect you. If you're involved in an accident it affects a lot of other people as well, not least the person you might kill or injure.

The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood, when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if you've just eaten and what sort of drinks you've had. Some people might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.

In fact, your driving ability can be affected by just one or two drinks. Even if you're below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.

It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking session in the evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that you're still over the legal limit. In addition, if you've had a few drinks at lunchtime, another one or two drinks in the early evening may well put you over the legal limit.

In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of moveable posts ... and the less able they were to do it! So the only way to be sure you're safe is not to drink at all.

Alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. More half of the people stopped by the police to take a breathalyzer test have a blood alcohol concentrate of more than twice the legal limit.

It is important to remember that driving after you've been drinking doesn't just affect you. If you're involved in an accident it affects a lot of other people as well, not least the person you might kill or injure.

The legal limit for driving after drinking alcohol is 80 milligrams of alcohol in 100 milliliters of blood, when tested. But there is no sure way of telling how much you can drink before you reach this limit. It varies with each person depending on your weight, your sex, if you've just eaten and what sort of drinks you've had. Some people might reach their limit after only about three standard drinks.

In fact, your driving ability can be affected by just one or two drinks. Even if you're below the legal limit, you could still be taken to court if a police officer thinks your driving has been affected by alcohol.

It takes about an hour for the body to get rid of the alcohol in one standard drink. So, if you have a heavy drinking session in the evening you might find that your driving ability is still affected the next morning, or you could even find that you're still over the legal limit. In addition, if you've had a few drinks at lunchtime, another one or two drinks in the early evening may well put you over the legal limit.

In a test with professional drivers, the more alcoholic drinks they had had, the more certain they were that they could drive a test course through a set of moveable posts ... and the less able they were to do it! So the only way to be sure you're safe is not to drink at all.

Alcohol is a major cause of road traffic accidents. One in three of the drivers killed in road accidents have levels of alcohol which are over the legal limit, and road accidents after drinking are the biggest cause of death among young men. More half of the people stopped by the police to take a breathalyzer test have a blood alcohol concentrate of more than twice the legal limit.

It is important to remember that driving after you've been drinking doesn't just affect you. If you're involved in an accident it affects a lot of other people as well, not least the person you might kill or injure.

Modern technologies have changed the way that people communicate with one another. These technologies provide new and innovative ways for people to communicate – text messaging, email, chat and social networks. They allow faster and more efficient communication and can help build relationships. However, modern technologies can also have negative effects such as limiting personal contact and straining relationships. The nature of the effect depends in large part on the type of relationship.

Modern technologies limit the amount of separation between work and home. With the advent of computers, the Internet and cell phones people can – and are often expected to – address work issues from home. This can limit family interactions and cause conflict between family members. The use of Internet and television by children and teenagers also limits the amount time spent with family and can increase conflict between children and their parents.

Young people use modern technologies in increasing numbers to communicate with their friends. Text messaging and online chats have become the preferred method of youth communication. A California State University and UCLA study indicates that for young people face-to-face interactions are less desirable than modern modes of communication. This preference could cause an inability to form lasting friendships or difficulty understanding social cues. Others believe that modern technologies increase communication and therefore strengthen friendships.

Starting new relationships – romantic and otherwise – can be difficult. Modern technologies allow people to make new connections without the fears characteristic of face-to-face contact. The anonymity and low risk are what makes Internet dating and social networks popular ways of meeting people. However, this anonymity can also be dangerous. In April 2011, a woman sued an online dating site after allegedly being raped by a man she met online.

Modern technologies allow couples to be in contact with each other more than ever before. This can lead to increased expectations and conflict. With the increasing use of cell phones and email, people often expect an instant reply to communication. A delayed reply – or none at all – can lead to suspicion and anger. The use of social networks can also affect relationships. Information that was once private – such as relationship conflicts – is now part of the public sphere.

(Adapted from https://oureverydaylife.com/)

[Shared reading passage not supplied in this page set: the passage 'Modern technologies have changed the way that people communicate...' begins on page 4 and continues onto page 5; Questions 44-50 refer to it. Passage text must be supplied from pages 4-5.]

[Shared reading passage not supplied in this page set: the passage 'Modern technologies have changed the way that people communicate...' begins on page 4 and continues onto page 5; Questions 44-50 refer to it. Passage text must be supplied from pages 4-5.]

[Shared reading passage not supplied in this page set: the passage 'Modern technologies have changed the way that people communicate...' begins on page 4 and continues onto page 5; Questions 44-50 refer to it. Passage text must be supplied from pages 4-5.]

[Shared reading passage not supplied in this page set: the passage 'Modern technologies have changed the way that people communicate...' begins on page 4 and continues onto page 5; Questions 44-50 refer to it. Passage text must be supplied from pages 4-5.]

[Shared reading passage not supplied in this page set: the passage 'Modern technologies have changed the way that people communicate...' begins on page 4 and continues onto page 5; Questions 44-50 refer to it. Passage text must be supplied from pages 4-5.]

Modern technologies have changed the way that people communicate with one another. These technologies provide new and innovative ways for people to communicate – text messaging, email, chat and social networks. They allow faster and more efficient communication and can help build relationships. However, modern technologies can also have negative effects such as limiting personal contact and straining relationships. The nature of the effect depends in large part on the type of relationship.

Modern technologies limit the amount of separation between work and home. With the advent of computers, the Internet and cell phones people can – and are often expected to – address work issues from home. This can limit family interactions and cause conflict between family members. The use of Internet and television by children and teenagers also limits the amount time spent with family and can increase conflict between children and their parents.

Young people use modern technologies in increasing numbers to communicate with their friends. Text messaging and online chats have become the preferred method of youth communication. A California State University and UCLA study indicates that for young people face-to-face interactions are less desirable than modern modes of communication. This preference could cause an inability to form lasting friendships or difficulty understanding social cues. Others believe that modern technologies increase communication and therefore strengthen friendships.

Starting new relationships – romantic and otherwise – can be difficult. Modern technologies allow people to make new connections without the fears characteristic of face-to-face contact. The anonymity and low risk are what makes Internet dating and social networks popular ways of meeting people. However, this anonymity can also be dangerous. In April 2011, a woman sued an online dating site after allegedly being raped by a man she met online.

Modern technologies allow couples to be in contact with each other more than ever before. This can lead to increased expectations and conflict. With the increasing use of cell phones and email, people often expect an instant reply to communication. A delayed reply – or none at all – can lead to suspicion and anger. The use of social networks can also affect relationships. Information that was once private – such as relationship conflicts – is now part of the public sphere.

(Adapted from https://oureverydaylife.com/)