Bài Tập Trắc Nghiệm Chuyên Đề: Định vị thông tin thuộc đoạn nào (Tiếng Anh Lớp 10, 11, 12)

Hygiene has played a vital role in human civilization throughout history. Ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, were among the first to recognize the importance of cleanliness for health. They practiced bathing and used natural oils to maintain personal hygiene. The Romans even built elaborate public bathhouses, which became social centers for relaxation and sanitation. These early efforts showed an understanding that hygiene was linked to overall well-being.
During the Middle Ages, however attitudes towards hygiene changed significantly. The spread of diseases like the Black Death led people to believe that bathing could make them more vulnerable to infections. As a result, frequent bathing became rare, and cleanliness was not prioritized. Many people relied on strong perfumes to cover body odor, while poor waste management in cities created unsanitary conditions. This lack of hygiene contributed to widespread illness and high mortality rates.
The 19th century marked a turning point in the understanding of hygiene with the rise of scientific discoveries. Pioneers like Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister demonstrated the link between germs and diseases, leading to improved medical practices and public health measures. The introduction of handwashing and sterilization in hospitals greatly reduced infection rates. Public awareness campaigns and government regulations began to promote better hygiene in everyday life.
Today, hygiene remains a crucial aspect of public health and daily routines. Advancements in technology have made access to clean water and sanitation facilities more widespread. People now understand the importance of practices like handwashing, brushing teeth, and proper waste disposal. The history of hygiene reflects humanity's ongoing efforts to protect health and prevent disease, proving its significance across time.

Peer Pressure Among Youth

Peer pressure can be particularly prevalent among teenagers, who are at a vulnerable stage of development and seeking their identity. It is a powerful force that can significantly impact the thoughts, actions, and behaviors of teenagers. During adolescence, individuals strive for acceptance and belonging, making them particularly susceptible to the influence of their peers. Understanding the nature of peer pressure and its effects is essential for supporting teenagers in navigating this challenging aspect of their social lives.
One aspect of peer pressure is the pressure to [u]conform[/u] to the norms and expectations of a social group. Teenagers may feel compelled to adopt certain behaviors, preferences, or attitudes to fit in and avoid [u]social rejection[/u]. This conformity can range from relatively harmless choices, such as fashion trends, to more concerning behaviors, such as substance abuse or risky activities.
Peer pressure can manifest in both explicit and implicit ways. Direct peer pressure involves explicit requests, invitations, or demands from peers to engage in specific actions or behaviors. [u]Indirect or implicit peer pressure, on the other hand, is more subtle and involves observing others' behaviors and feeling pressured to conform without any explicit requests[/u]. This type of pressure can be equally influential and difficult for teenagers to navigate.
It is important to note that peer pressure can have positive or negative implications. Positive peer pressure can motivate teenagers to engage in healthy behaviors, such as participating in sports, pursuing academic goals, or engaging in community service. However, [u]it[/u] can lead to risky or harmful behaviors, such as substance abuse, delinquency, or academic underachievement.
Parents, educators, and mentors play a crucial role in helping teenagers navigate peer pressure. By fostering open and supportive relationships, adults can provide a safe space for teenagers to discuss their experiences and concerns. Promoting critical thinking, assertiveness skills, and self-confidence can empower teenagers to resist negative peer pressure and make independent, healthy choices.
(Adapted from "Peer Pressure: Its Influence on Teens and Decision Making”)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
Is the west falling out of love with the car? For environmentalists it seems an impossible dream, but it is happening. While baby boomers and those with young families may carry on using four wheels, a combination of our ageing societies and a new attitude among the young seems to be breaking our 20th- century car addiction. Somewhere along the road, we reached the high point of the car and are now cruising down the other side. The phenomenon was first recognised in “The Road Less Traveled”, a 2008 report by the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, but had been going on largely unnoticed for years. Japan reached it in the 1990s. They talked there of “demotorisation”. The west had its tipping point in 2004. That year the US, UK, Germany, France, Australia and Sweden all saw the start of a decline in the number of kilometres the average person travelled in a car that continues today.
What could be driving us off the road? Fuel costs and rising insurance premiums may be a factor. And urban gridlock, combined with an absence of parking places and congestion charging, makes an increasing number of us look on the car as a dumb way to move around in cities where there are public transport alternatives. Demographics are another possible explanation. It is surely no accident that “peak car” happened first in Japan, which has the world's oldest population. Pensioners do not drive to work, and many don't drive at all. There is also the rise of “virtual commuters” who work from home via the Internet.
Besides these new employment patterns, leisure lifestyles are also changing. Social scientists detect a new “culture of urbanism”. The stylish way to live these days is in inner-city apartments, not the suburbs. Richard Florida, an urban studies theorist at the University of Toronto in Canada, points out that the young shop online, telecommute, live in walkable city neighbourhoods near public transport and rely more on social media and less on face-to-face visiting. Given those changes, they can think of better ways to spend their money than buying a car.
Some think car use will revive if and when economies recover. But it looks like something more profound is going on. Florida calls it a “great reset” in society that will have profound consequences – not least for the environment. Even our most treasured consumer aspirations can have a peak. Enough can be enough.
(Adapted from Compact Advanced by Peter May)

Digital amnesia is becoming a serious issue in our world today. This phenomenon happens when people depend too much on their electronic devices to store information. Many individuals cannot remember their friends' phone numbers or important dates because smartphones keep this data safely. Instead of using our own brains to remember things, we trust technology to do the work for us. This shift in how we use memory is happening everywhere, affecting both young and old people around the globe.
The consequences of this growing dependency are quite concerning. When our devices break down or information gets lost, we suddenly face real problems because essential data disappears. We lose access to crucial information that we should have remembered ourselves. Security also becomes a big worry because people forget their passwords and rely too much on automatic storage features. The report from Kaspersky shows that this habit weakens not only our memory but also our protection against cyber threats.
Additionally, both teenagers and adults struggle with this challenge equally. Nobody is safe from this trend because almost everyone uses mobile devices every day. Whether you are a student or a professional, you probably depend on your gadget for basic information. This universal issue shows how technology has changed the way our minds work. We have become comfortable with outsourcing our memory to machines instead of training our brains.
To solve this problem, experts suggest developing better digital habits immediately. People need to improve their cybersecurity awareness and practice safer methods of managing their information. Instead of relying completely on devices, individuals should make an effort to remember important details. By taking responsibility for their own memory and data protection, users can reduce risks and build healthier relationships with technology. This requires conscious effort and discipline from everyone.
(Adapted from https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/mk)

Digital amnesia is becoming a serious issue in our world today. This phenomenon happens when people depend too much on their electronic devices to store information. Many individuals cannot remember their friends' phone numbers or important dates because smartphones keep this data safely. Instead of using our own brains to remember things, we trust technology to do the work for us. This shift in how we use memory is happening everywhere, affecting both young and old people around the globe.
The consequences of this growing dependency are quite concerning. When our devices break down or information gets lost, we suddenly face real problems because essential data disappears. We lose access to crucial information that we should have remembered ourselves. Security also becomes a big worry because people forget their passwords and rely too much on automatic storage features. The report from Kaspersky shows that this habit weakens not only our memory but also our protection against cyber threats.
Additionally, both teenagers and adults struggle with this challenge equally. Nobody is safe from this trend because almost everyone uses mobile devices every day. Whether you are a student or a professional, you probably depend on your gadget for basic information. This universal issue shows how technology has changed the way our minds work. We have become comfortable with outsourcing our memory to machines instead of training our brains.
To solve this problem, experts suggest developing better digital habits immediately. People need to improve their cybersecurity awareness and practice safer methods of managing their information. Instead of relying completely on devices, individuals should make an effort to remember important details. By taking responsibility for their own memory and data protection, users can reduce risks and build healthier relationships with technology. This requires conscious effort and discipline from everyone.
(Adapted from https://media.kasperskycontenthub.com/mk)

In 1944, the UK government created a new system of education. Education was divided into three parts. Children who passed an exam at 11 went to grammar schools. Pupils who didn't do well in the exam went to 'secondary modern' schools or technical schools. At technical schools they studied work-based subjects. In practice, however, only 0.5% of pupils went to technical schools, and this system divided students at a very young age into academic and non-academic. The system did not produce good results, and changed to a more equal system in the 1970s.
In the 1980s the British government introduced NVQs or National Vocational Qualifications so that young people could get certificates to show their practical skills. It helps employers understand what workers can do. In 1994, the government started a programme which aimed to provide 'quality training on a work-based (educational) route'. These 'modern apprenticeships' are available at three different levels.
At the higher levels of education, too, there has been more emphasis on work-based learning, which links academic study closely to practical experience. At degree level, companies have linked with universities to create specialised qualifications, such as the BA in Distribution run between Middlesex University and Asda Supermarket. Such partnerships also exist at Masters and even doctorate level.
Technological advances have supported the growth of work-based learning. With blended learning, part of the course is online, allowing people to study without missing work. Older or retired employees can now act as tutors, mentors, or coaches in these programs. This training was common in fields such as nursing and teaching, but has now spread to careers which were traditionally not closely linked to education.
(Adapted from Mindset for Ielts 1)

The contemporary employment landscape is witnessing a notable shift in employee behavior, moving away from the previously prevalent trend of 'job hopping'. For years, frequent job changes were often perceived negatively, sometimes even discrediting an employee's commitment. However, recent data suggests a significant decline in voluntary resignations. This new phenomenon, termed 'job hugging', describes a situation where employees opt to remain in their current positions, effectively 'holding tight' to their jobs.

Statistics from the American labor market indicate a substantial decrease in the number of workers quitting their jobs compared to previous years, highlighting this evolving trend. Data from 2024 shows that 39.6 million Americans resigned from their jobs, an 11% drop from 2023 and a significant 22% decrease compared to 2022. This sharp decline reflects a major shift in employee attitudes, with many individuals choosing to "hug" their current jobs rather than risk changing roles.

This hesitation to switch roles is primarily driven by shifting economic realities rather than increased corporate loyalty. Tougher economic conditions, including financial instability, widespread layoffs and a general fear of unemployment, have made job security a paramount concern for many. Consequently, the perceived risks associated with seeking new opportunities often outweigh the potential benefits, such as higher salaries or career advancement. Employees are, therefore, prioritizing stability within their existing companies over the uncertainty of the external job market.

A common characteristic of individuals engaged in 'job hugging' is a heightened aversion to risk- taking in their career decisions. They may continue in roles even when experiencing dissatisfaction, choosing to endure familiar challenges rather than venturing into the unknown. This often involves valuing job security above personal growth or exploring new career paths. For these employees, the fear of a worse outcome in a new environment often compels them to stay put, even when other opportunities might exist. This pattern suggests a strategic decision to minimize exposure to market volatility.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
The contemporary employment landscape is witnessing a notable shift in employee behavior, moving away from the previously prevalent trend of 'job hopping'. For years, frequent job changes were often perceived negatively, sometimes even discrediting an employee's commitment. However, recent data suggests a significant decline in voluntary resignations. This new phenomenon, termed 'job hugging', describes a situation where employees opt to remain in their current positions, effectively 'holding tight' to their jobs.
Statistics from the American labor market indicate a substantial decrease in the number of workers quitting their jobs compared to previous years, highlighting this evolving trend. Data from 2024 shows that 39.6 million Americans resigned from their jobs, an 11% drop from 2023 and a significant 22% decrease compared to 2022. This sharp decline reflects a major shift in employee attitudes, with many individuals choosing to "hug" their current jobs rather than risk changing roles.
This hesitation to switch roles is primarily driven by shifting economic realities rather than increased corporate loyalty. Tougher economic conditions, including financial instability, widespread layoffs and a general fear of unemployment, have made job security a paramount concern for many. Consequently, the perceived risks associated with seeking new opportunities often outweigh the potential benefits, such as higher salaries or career advancement. Employees are, therefore, prioritizing stability within their existing companies over the uncertainty of the external job market.
A common characteristic of individuals engaged in 'job hugging' is a heightened aversion to risk- taking in their career decisions. They may continue in roles even when experiencing dissatisfaction, choosing to endure familiar challenges rather than venturing into the unknown. This often involves valuing job security above personal growth or exploring new career paths. For these employees, the fear of a worse outcome in a new environment often compels them to stay put, even when other opportunities might exist. This pattern suggests a strategic decision to minimize exposure to market volatility.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.
The contemporary employment landscape is witnessing a notable shift in employee behavior, moving away from the previously prevalent trend of 'job hopping'. For years, frequent job changes were often perceived negatively, sometimes even discrediting an employee's commitment. However, recent data suggests a significant decline in voluntary resignations. This new phenomenon, termed 'job hugging', describes a situation where employees opt to remain in their current positions, effectively 'holding tight' to their jobs.
Statistics from the American labor market indicate a substantial decrease in the number of workers quitting their jobs compared to previous years, highlighting this evolving trend. Data from 2024 shows that 39.6 million Americans resigned from their jobs, an 11% drop from 2023 and a significant 22% decrease compared to 2022. This sharp decline reflects a major shift in employee attitudes, with many individuals choosing to "hug" their current jobs rather than risk changing roles.
This hesitation to switch roles is primarily driven by shifting economic realities rather than increased corporate loyalty. Tougher economic conditions, including financial instability, widespread layoffs and a general fear of unemployment, have made job security a paramount concern for many. Consequently, the perceived risks associated with seeking new opportunities often outweigh the potential benefits, such as higher salaries or career advancement. Employees are, therefore, prioritizing stability within their existing companies over the uncertainty of the external job market.
A common characteristic of individuals engaged in 'job hugging' is a heightened aversion to risk- taking in their career decisions. They may continue in roles even when experiencing dissatisfaction, choosing to endure familiar challenges rather than venturing into the unknown. This often involves valuing job security above personal growth or exploring new career paths. For these employees, the fear of a worse outcome in a new environment often compels them to stay put, even when other opportunities might exist. This pattern suggests a strategic decision to minimize exposure to market volatility.

Have you ever noticed that your mood changes with the weather? There's a scientific reason for this. The amount of sunlight you get can affect your brain. Sunlight helps the brain produce a chemical called serotonin, which makes you feel happy and calm. On dark or rainy days, your body makes less serotonin, so you might feel tired, sad, or less energetic.

The weather also affects our circadian rhythms, the internal body clock that controls sleep patterns. Less daylight can disrupt these rhythms, leading to poor sleep and mental health. In addition, sunlight helps the body produce vitamin D, which is essential for brain health. When there is little sunlight, like in winter, people may not get enough of this vitamin, and this can worsen symptoms of depression. On dark days, your body produces more melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleep. Higher melatonin levels can make you feel drowsy and less motivated, reducing your desire to be active or social.

Some people are especially affected by seasonal changes. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs during particular times of the year, usually in winter. Symptoms include low mood, exhaustion, sleep problems, and loss of appetite. On the other hand, very hot weather can also have a negative effect, increasing stress and triggering manic episodes in people with certain mental health conditions.

To manage these effects, experts recommend regular physical activity, even during bad weather. Outdoor time and movement can help boost energy and improve your mood. Being aware of how weather affects mental health can help you take positive steps to feel better throughout the year.

(Adapted from The Independent)

Since the early days of making movies, writers and directors have attempted to bring popular and classic novels to the big screen. The movie industry seems to believe that if the story made a great book, it should make a great movie as well. However, that rarely seems to be the case. More often than not, a great book turns out to be a mediocre movie in the opinion of most viewers.

Over the past century, there have only been a handful of movies that have fulfilled the ambition of turning the great book into a great movie. Lovers of the historical novel, Gone with the Wind, continue to be swept away by the movie adaptation starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh. Science fiction readers as well as movie critics both hail Stanley Kubrick's film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, which was co-written by Kubrick with the novel's author Arthur C. Clarke, as a masterpiece.

On the other hand, there have been instances when not-so-great novels have been transformed into great movies. Mario Puzo's The Godfather was quite popular at the time of its release as a novel, but critics hailed it more for its entertainment value than for its value as literature. The film adaptation of this popular novel, however, continues to be listed among the top ten greatest movies of all time. Likewise, the science fiction short story "Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?" did not set the science fiction genre on fire when it came out. The movie version, though, made a much bigger impact in its medium.

Are there any books that are simply impossible to film? Although filmmakers would like to think not, it is a good bet that certain books will never be adapted into successful films. Books written in unique literary styles such as Ulysses by James Joyce and The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner have resisted film adaptation to rival the greatness of the books.

Hygiene has played a vital role in human civilization throughout history. Ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, were among the first to recognize the importance of cleanliness for health. They practiced bathing and used natural oils to maintain personal hygiene. The Romans even built elaborate public bathhouses, which became social centers for relaxation and sanitation. These early efforts showed an understanding that hygiene was linked to overall well-being.

During the Middle Ages, however, attitudes towards hygiene changed significantly. The spread of diseases like the Black Death led people to believe that bathing could make them more vulnerable to infections. As a result, frequent bathing became rare, and cleanliness was not prioritized. Many people relied on strong perfumes to cover body odor, while poor waste management in cities created unsanitary conditions. This lack of hygiene contributed to widespread illness and high mortality rates.

The 19th century marked a turning point in the understanding of hygiene with the rise of scientific discoveries. Pioneers like Louis Pasteur and Joseph Lister demonstrated the link between germs and diseases, leading to improved medical practices and public health measures. The introduction of handwashing and sterilization in hospitals greatly reduced infection rates. Public awareness campaigns and government regulations began to promote better hygiene in everyday life.

Today, hygiene remains a crucial aspect of public health and daily routines. Advancements in technology have made access to clean water and sanitation facilities more widespread. People now understand the importance of practices like handwashing, brushing teeth, and proper waste disposal. The history of hygiene reflects humanity's ongoing efforts to protect health and prevent disease, proving its significance across time.

(Adapted from www.exceptionalfutures.com)

In recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed a significant shift towards electric vehicles (EVs). As concerns over climate change and air pollution increase, many countries are encouraging the use of EVs by offering tax incentives and building charging infrastructures. Car manufacturers, once focused on gasoline-powered cars, are now investing heavily in the development of electric models.
One of the key reasons for this shift is the environmental benefits of EVs. Unlike traditional vehicles, which rely on fossil fuels, EVs run on electricity, which can be generated from renewable sources such as wind or solar power. This reduces the carbon footprint of each vehicle significantly. Additionally, EVs produce no tailpipe emissions, which means they do not contribute to air pollution in cities, where smog and poor air quality are common issues.
However, the transition to electric vehicles is not without its challenges. One of the primary concerns is the limited range of EVs compared to gasoline-powered cars. Despite advancements in battery technology, many electric cars still require regular recharging, which can be inconvenient on long trips. Another challenge is the higher upfront cost of EVs, although this is expected to decrease as production scales up and technology improves.
Despite these hurdles, the future of electric vehicles looks promising. Governments worldwide are setting ambitious goals to phase out gasoline-powered vehicles in favor of EVs. As a result, the automotive industry is undergoing one of the most profound transformations in its history, paving the way for a greener and more sustainable future.

For decades, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has been the paramount metric for gauging a nation’s success. Created in the 1930s to track industrial production, it was never designed to be a definitive measure of human welfare. By focusing strictly on market transactions, GDP ignores the value of unpaid domestic work and, more critically, fails to account for the depletion of natural resources.
In light of modern environmental and social crises, the concept of a “Well-being Economy” has gained significant traction. This framework suggests that the goal of government policy should be to ensure that every person can live a dignified life on a healthy planet. Countries like Iceland, Scotland, and New Zealand have already begun integrating these principles into their national budgets, shifting the focus from purely financial growth to indicators like mental health and housing quality.
One notable alternative is the Happy Planet Index (HPI), which evaluates how efficiently nations use their environmental resources to support long, happy lives for their citizens. Unlike GDP, the HPI penalizes countries with a high ecological footprint, even if their economies are booming. Critics, however, argue that such indices rely too heavily on subjective self-reporting, which can be influenced by cultural biases and may not provide a stable basis for international comparison.
Despite these debates, the transition toward more holistic metrics seems inevitable. As climate change and wealth inequality continue to pose existential threats, the traditional obsession with “growth at any cost” is being replaced by a more balanced approach. Ensuring a sustainable future requires a fundamental redesign of how we define and pursue progress.
(Adapted from World Economic Forum - weforum.org)

The concept of project farming, where farmers come together to collaborate on large-scale agricultural projects, has gained significant traction, and modern technology keeps this collaboration on track. Advanced technologies such as GPS, sensors, drones, and data analytics are used to optimise agricultural practices. Additionally, the collected real-time data on soil conditions, weather patterns, and plant growth enables farmers to accelerate the decision-making process that maximises productivity while minimising resource wastage. GPS technology allows farmers to precisely map out their fields and create customised planting plans. This ensures that seeds are sown at optimal locations based on soil characteristics and previous yield data. By avoiding areas with poor fertility, farmers can increase their overall crop yield. Camera traps provide advance warnings of insects, so farmers do not have to treat the whole field. This, therefore, helps curb chemical runoff and save money for every party involved in the project. Technology also plays a vital role in optimising irrigation practices for sustainable agriculture. Specialised equipment reports dryness hour by hour, and weather apps forecast rain for the week ahead. Automated valves give each zone exactly the water it needs and pause when clouds are approaching. This cuts pumping costs and protects groundwater while keeping the crop healthy. On dry continents, such savings keep projects economically viable. The digital trail does not stop at the farm gate. Cloud platforms let project farmers, processors, and truck drivers input harvest weights, storage temperatures, and delivery times the moment they change, while blockchain records freeze each entry so customers can trust it. Analytic tools combine seasons of records to forecast demand, spot price opportunities, and mark weak points in the workflow. This allows project farmers to anticipate market demand, exploit resource allocation, and plan for potential challenges.

When several farmers merge plots into a single "project farm", they use digital tools to make that teamwork far more effective. GPS mapping, drones, and in-field sensors build a live, shared picture of soil types, weather shifts, and plant growth. Because everyone works on the same data, the team can settle seeding dates, determine when to spray, and track machinery in real time. What once depended on guesswork is now driven by verifiable information.

With GPS technology, farmers can accurately map out their fields and create customised planting plans. Seeding machines change their rate on the fly, drones spray pests on targeted zones, and smart spreaders apply fertiliser only where data shows a need. Because inputs go exactly where they help, fields yield more while chemical runoff falls. Trials report considerable savings on seed, fuel, and sprays – benefits the partners split at the season's end.

Water management is just as precise. Specialised equipment tracks moisture every hour, and forecast apps predict rain, wind, or heatwaves. Automated pumps deliver measured water amounts to thirsty zones and stop when a storm is coming, slashing waste and energy bills. The result is steadier yields in dry years, fewer nutrients washed away, and a smaller water footprint for the whole partnership. Smart irrigation also helps limit weed growth, reducing herbicide use.

The journey from field to market is equally digital. Cloud platforms record harvest weights, storage temperatures, and shipment times the moment they change, while blockchain records freeze each entry so customers can rely on it. Analytic tools browse the records to indicate weak points in the procedure, forecast prices, and suggest better planting plans for the next season to project partners. This makes project farming both profitable and sustainable.